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因为比较看不惯商店应用使用的C++/CX，所以用win32的项目来学习，起名为D3DFirst。

项目模板会生成一堆默认的代码，用于显示一个最简单的Windows窗口，这个窗口会作为D3D画面的输出窗口。

生成的代码虽然很多，但我只关心图形绘制相关的代码，所以直接定位到

RESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)

回调函数的

case WM_PAINT:    break;

所有的绘制都是在这里进行的，我的D3D代码也是写在这里。

为了不和这个默认生成的代码文件搅和在一起，自己新建一个类专门用于操作D3D，叫做D3DRender。将绘制的代码写在WM_PAINT后面。

可以声明一个全局的变量

D3DRender pD3dRender;

然后在InitInstance函数里初始化，主要是初始化D3D需要的资源，并且将窗口做为参数传入。

pD3dRender.Init(hWnd);

然后在WM_PAINT后面绘制：

case WM_PAINT:		//hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);		 TODO: Add any drawing code here...		//EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);		pD3dRender.OnRender();		break;

当然还有D3DRender类的头文件需要include。

下面介绍D3DRender类的声明：

头文件和using namespace：

#pragma once#include "D3D11_1.h"#include "d3dx11.h"#include "directxmath.h"#include "DirectXPackedVector.h"#include "d3dCompiler.h"

using namespace DirectX;using namespace DirectX::PackedVector;

前两个是D3D的一些核心接口。

DirectXMath.h和DirectXPackedVector.h是向量和矩阵的相关接口。

d3dCompiler.h是用于读取shader的接口。

下面是类的主要内容，基本上就是渲染流水线所需要的所有东西。

struct Vertex1  {  	XMFLOAT3 pos;        XMFLOAT4 color;};  struct Vertex2 {  XMFLOAT3 pos;XMFLOAT3 normal;XMFLOAT2 Tex0;XMFLOAT2 Tex1;};  struct ConstantBuffer{XMMATRIX mWorld;XMMATRIX mView;XMMATRIX mProjection;};class D3DRender{public:D3DRender(void);~D3DRender(void);void CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(HWND);//创建设备接口和双缓冲交换接口void Check4XMsaa();//检测多重采样的质量级别void CreateRenderTargetView();//创建渲染目标视图（双缓冲的其中一个Buffer）void CreateDepthView();//创建深度视图（检测遮挡）void BindView();//绑定视图（将渲染目标视图和深度视图绑定到output stage）void SetViewport();//绑定一组视口到Rasterizer Stagevoid SetInputLayout();//绑定输入格式到input-assembler stage.HRESULT CompileShaderFromFile( WCHAR* szFileName, LPCSTR szEntryPoint, LPCSTR szShaderModel, ID3DBlob** ppBlobOut);//从文件读取shader或effectvoid CreateVertexBuffer();//绑定一组顶点Buffer到input-assembler stage.void CreateIndexBuffer();//绑定一组索引Buffer到input-assembler stage.void CreateVertexShader();//用文件中读取的编译过的shader创建一个顶点shader对象void CreateConstantBuffer();//创建一个Buffer（类型可以是顶点,索引,shader常量buffer）void SetPrimitive();//设置图元类型，数据的输入顺序，绑定到input-assembler stage.void CreatePixelShader();//用文件中读取的编译过的shader创建一个索引shader对象void InitWorldMatrix();void InitViewMatrix();void InitProjectionMatrix();void Init(HWND);//初始化void OnRender();//绘制void OnResize();private:ID3D11Device* pDevice;ID3D11DeviceContext* pDeviceContext;IDXGISwapChain* pSwapChain;ID3D11Texture2D* pDepthStencilBuffer;ID3D11DepthStencilView* pDepthStencilView;ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer;ID3D11RenderTargetView* pRenderTargetView;ID3DBlob* pVSBlob;ID3DBlob* pPSBlob;ID3D11InputLayout* pInputLayout;ID3D11Buffer* pVertexBuffer;ID3D11Buffer* pIndexBuffer;ID3D11Buffer* pConstantBuffer;ID3D11VertexShader* pVertexShader;ID3D11PixelShader* pPixelShader;UINT m4xMsaaQuality;HRESULT hr;RECT rect;UINT width;UINT height;XMMATRIX  worldMatrix;XMMATRIX  viewMatrix;XMMATRIX  projectionMatrix;};

下面是这些函数的实现：

#include "stdafx.h"#include "D3DRender.h"D3DRender::D3DRender(void){	pDevice = NULL;	pDeviceContext = NULL;	pSwapChain = NULL;	pBackBuffer= NULL;	pRenderTargetView= NULL; }D3DRender::~D3DRender(void){	pDevice->Release();	pDeviceContext->Release();	pSwapChain->Release();	pBackBuffer->Release();	pRenderTargetView->Release();}void D3DRender::CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(HWND hwnd){	D3D_DRIVER_TYPE driverTypes[] = 	{		D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,		D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP,		D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_SOFTWARE	};	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] =  	{  		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3,		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_2,		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1,	};  	UINT featureLevelsCount = ARRAYSIZE(featureLevels);	GetClientRect(hwnd, &rect);	width = rect.right - rect.left;	height = rect.bottom - rect.top;	DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc = {0,};	swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;  	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = width;  	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = height;  	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;  	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;  	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;  	swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;  	swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;  	swapChainDesc.Windowed = TRUE;  	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;  	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;	hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain( 		NULL, 		driverTypes[0], 		NULL, 		D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG, 		featureLevels, 		featureLevelsCount,		D3D11_SDK_VERSION, 		&swapChainDesc, 		&pSwapChain, 		&pDevice,		&featureLevel,		&pDeviceContext);}void D3DRender::Check4XMsaa(){	hr = pDevice->CheckMultisampleQualityLevels(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, 4, &m4xMsaaQuality);}void D3DRender::CreateRenderTargetView(){	// Get a pointer to the back buffer of target view	hr = pSwapChain->GetBuffer( 0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D ),  ( LPVOID* )&pBackBuffer ); 	// Create a render-target view	hr = pDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, 0, &pRenderTargetView ); }void D3DRender::CreateDepthView(){		D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthStencilDesc;	depthStencilDesc.Width = rect.right-rect.left;	depthStencilDesc.Height = rect.bottom = rect.top;	depthStencilDesc.MipLevels = 1;	depthStencilDesc.ArraySize = 1;	depthStencilDesc.Format =  DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;	depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;	depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = m4xMsaaQuality - 1;	depthStencilDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;	depthStencilDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;	depthStencilDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;	depthStencilDesc.MiscFlags = 0;	hr = pDevice->CreateTexture2D( &depthStencilDesc, 0, &pDepthStencilBuffer);	hr = pDevice->CreateDepthStencilView( pDepthStencilBuffer, 0, &pDepthStencilView);}void D3DRender::BindView(){	// Bind the view	pDeviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets( 1, &pRenderTargetView, pDepthStencilView);}void D3DRender::SetViewport(){	// Setup the viewport	D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;  	viewport.Width = static_cast
   
    (width);  	viewport.Height = static_cast
    
     (height);  	viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;  	viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;  	viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;  	viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;  	pDeviceContext->RSSetViewports( 1, &viewport );}HRESULT D3DRender::CompileShaderFromFile( WCHAR* szFileName, LPCSTR szEntryPoint, LPCSTR szShaderModel, ID3DBlob** ppBlobOut ){	HRESULT hr = S_OK;	DWORD dwShaderFlags = D3DCOMPILE_ENABLE_STRICTNESS;#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )	// Set the D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG flag to embed debug information in the shaders.	// Setting this flag improves the shader debugging experience, but still allows 	// the shaders to be optimized and to run exactly the way they will run in 	// the release configuration of this program.	dwShaderFlags |= D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG;#endif	ID3DBlob* pErrorBlob;	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile( szFileName, NULL, NULL, szEntryPoint, szShaderModel, 		dwShaderFlags, 0, NULL, ppBlobOut, &pErrorBlob, NULL );	if( FAILED(hr) )	{		if( pErrorBlob != NULL )			OutputDebugStringA( (char*)pErrorBlob->GetBufferPointer() );		if( pErrorBlob ) pErrorBlob->Release();		return hr;	}	if( pErrorBlob ) pErrorBlob->Release();	return S_OK;}void D3DRender::CreateVertexShader(){	// Compile the vertex shader	hr = CompileShaderFromFile( L"vs1.hlsl", "main", "vs_4_0", &pVSBlob );	//create vertex shader	hr = pDevice->CreateVertexShader( pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &pVertexShader );	//pVSBlob->Release();}void D3DRender::SetInputLayout(){	// Define the input layout	D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] =	{		{ "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },  	};	UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE(layout);	hr= pDevice->CreateInputLayout(layout, numElements, pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &pInputLayout);	pDeviceContext->IASetInputLayout(pInputLayout);}void D3DRender::CreatePixelShader(){	pPSBlob = NULL;	// Compile the pixel shader	hr = CompileShaderFromFile( L"ps1.hlsl", "main", "ps_4_0", &pPSBlob );	// Create the pixel shader	hr = pDevice->CreatePixelShader( pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &pPixelShader );	pPSBlob->Release();}void D3DRender::CreateVertexBuffer(){	// Create vertex buffer	Vertex vertices[] =	{		XMFLOAT3( 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f ),		XMFLOAT3( 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f ),		XMFLOAT3( -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f ),	};	Vertex1 vertices1[] =	{		{ XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f ) },		{ XMFLOAT3( -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f ), XMFLOAT4( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ) },	};	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;	ZeroMemory( &bd, sizeof(bd) );	bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;	bd.ByteWidth = sizeof( Vertex ) * 3;	bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;	bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;	bd.MiscFlags = 0;	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA InitData; 	ZeroMemory( &InitData, sizeof(InitData) );	InitData.pSysMem = vertices;	hr = pDevice->CreateBuffer( &bd, &InitData, &pVertexBuffer );	// Set vertex buffer	UINT stride = sizeof( Vertex );	UINT offset = 0;	pDeviceContext->IASetVertexBuffers( 0, 1, &pVertexBuffer, &stride, &offset );}void D3DRender::CreateIndexBuffer(){	// Create index buffer	WORD indices[] =	{		3,1,0,		2,1,3,		0,5,4,		1,5,0,		3,4,7,		0,4,3,		1,6,5,		2,6,1,		2,7,6,		3,7,2,		6,4,5,		7,4,6,	};	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;	ZeroMemory( &bd, sizeof(bd) );	bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;	bd.ByteWidth = sizeof( WORD ) * 36;        // 36 vertices needed for 12 triangles in a triangle list	bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;	bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA InitData; 	ZeroMemory( &InitData, sizeof(InitData) );	InitData.pSysMem = indices;	hr = pDevice->CreateBuffer( &bd, &InitData, &pIndexBuffer );	// Set index buffer	pDeviceContext->IASetIndexBuffer( pIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0 );}void D3DRender::SetPrimitive(){	// Set primitive topology	pDeviceContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology( D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST );}void D3DRender::CreateConstantBuffer(){	// Create the constant buffer	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;	ZeroMemory( &bd, sizeof(bd) );	bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;	bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(ConstantBuffer);	bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;	bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;	hr = pDevice->CreateBuffer( &bd, NULL, &pConstantBuffer );}void D3DRender::InitWorldMatrix(){	worldMatrix = XMMatrixIdentity();}void D3DRender::InitViewMatrix(){	XMVECTOR Eye = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, -5.0f, 0.0f );	XMVECTOR At = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );	XMVECTOR Up = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );	viewMatrix = XMMatrixLookAtLH( Eye, At, Up );}void D3DRender::InitProjectionMatrix(){	projectionMatrix = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( XM_PIDIV2, width / (FLOAT)height, 0.01f, 100.0f );}void D3DRender::Init(HWND hwnd){	CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(hwnd);	Check4XMsaa();	CreateRenderTargetView();	//CreateDepthView();	BindView();	SetViewport();	CreateVertexShader();	SetInputLayout();	CreatePixelShader();	CreateVertexBuffer();	CreateIndexBuffer();	SetPrimitive();	CreateConstantBuffer();	InitWorldMatrix();	InitViewMatrix();	InitProjectionMatrix();}void D3DRender::OnRender(){	// Update our time	static float t = 0.0f;	static DWORD dwTimeStart = 0;	DWORD dwTimeCur = GetTickCount();	if( dwTimeStart == 0 )		dwTimeStart = dwTimeCur;	t = ( dwTimeCur - dwTimeStart ) / 1000.0f;	//	// Animate the cube	//	worldMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY( t );	float clearColor[4] = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.25f, 1.0f };  	pDeviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView( pRenderTargetView, clearColor );	//pDeviceContext->ClearDepthStencilView( pDepthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH | D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0 );	//    // Update variables    //    ConstantBuffer cb;	cb.mWorld = XMMatrixTranspose( worldMatrix );	cb.mView = XMMatrixTranspose( viewMatrix );	cb.mProjection = XMMatrixTranspose( projectionMatrix );	pDeviceContext ->UpdateSubresource( pConstantBuffer, 0, NULL, &cb, 0, 0 );    //    // Renders a triangle    //	//pDeviceContext->VSSetShader(pVertexShader, NULL, 0 );	//pDeviceContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &pConstantBuffer );	//pDeviceContext->PSSetShader( pPixelShader, NULL, 0 );	//pDeviceContext->DrawIndexed( 36, 0, 0 );        // 36 vertices needed for 12 triangles in a triangle list	// Render a triangle	pDeviceContext->VSSetShader( pVertexShader, NULL, 0 );	pDeviceContext->PSSetShader( pPixelShader, NULL, 0 );    pDeviceContext->Draw( 3, 0 );	pSwapChain->Present( 0, 0 );  }
    
   

最后运行的效果如下：